Also used to quote a whole clause of a sentence, similar in a way to how the particle の and the noun こと converts a clause into the equivalent of a noun.

When using と it means you are listing the items that are the only possibilities, whereas や means there are others.

(あか)と(くろ) が すき です。
(あか)や(くろ) が すき です。
Both sentence meaning the same :
I like red and black colors.

The first sentence specifically states you like red and black colors.

The second sentence states that you like red and black colors, and maybe other colors too.

It's like a partial list when using や apart from と (when using it) which you can take as a full list

Grammar rules when used as AとB to mean "if/when A, B" (i.e. to describe a cause "A" and effect "B", where both A and B are logical clauses). Both rules arise from how と literally means "and":
(1) The effect "B"/ event described by the second clause must follow, sequentially, the cause "A"/event described in the first clause. In other words, the cause "A" (before と) is always in the present tense, while the subsequent clause "B" can be in the present or past tense.
(2) と can't be used to describe hypotheticals (which are conveyed e.g. by たら and the えば/られれば forms).

Effect "B" can also express a change, in which case the subsequent clause uses an adjective なる (either い + くなる or な + になる).
E.g. ふゆだと、さむくなる = "If it’s winter, it becomes cold.”

TOES together with eachother

Examples for sense 3. and 4. — ここ＋ 期間 (period/interval).
Context and verb tense determine whether it's past or future.

Future: ここ数日、寒い日が続くでしょう = "The weather will remain cold for several days".
Past / up to now: ここ数日、あまり寝ていない = "These past few days, I haven't slept much".

"Come, come here!"

I want to have a hot 'coco' here, in this place

There is a coconut here!

The koko feature prominently in Sonic Frontiers, and the main theme of that game is "I'm here."

Koko was just here

The first こ denotes proximity (close to the speaker in this case). The second こindicates that we are discussing a place (rather than a person).

Other examples are そこ (a place further than ここ but still nearby), あそこ (a place way over there), and どこ (where?).

Catswoman are batman's ex.

Probably related to 且つ/かつ

once before his (hand) て 手 was a piece of (katsu) かつ

Also written as: 曽て

A few ways you can use it:
まさに神 — expression of deep gratitude, e.g. まさに神。本当にありがとうございます。
神すぎる — slang meaning すごく良い！("god-tier"). Used a lot in the gaming and anime communities. Usually |noun| + 神すぎる

Pitch accent comparison:
神 (HL, か↘み) — God is high above and reaches down low.
紙 (LH か↗み) — Paper is low and gets lifted up high (when we're done writing).

Thankfully it is OH SO RARE {おそれる} for me to be afraid.

恐: oh so (scary)!

Fear (slowly) -遅/おそ- goes away with gradual exposure.

Also written as: 慄れる

The poor (gou)lden (mon)key died from TORTURE.

Working 9 till 9 at Goldman (goumon) Sachs was torture

Both の and こと turn verbs into nouns, but they feel different:
————————

こと is more conceptual and abstract. It treats the action as a general idea and sounds more detached. It's often used for information, ideas, or facts.

の feels more direct and personal. It points to the actual action as it happens. It sounds more immediate, and it's commonly used for things you directly see, hear, feel, or control.
————————

→ 私は死ぬことが怖い = "I'm afraid of death"
Here, the action is treated as a general concept.

→ 私は死ぬのが怖い = "I'm afraid of dying"
This feels more immediate and personal, as if you're afraid of dying rather than death as an abstract idea.
————————

The difference becomes clearer with direct perception. When you directly witness something, you usually use の.

→ 私は子どもが泣いているのを見た = "I saw a child crying"
What you saw wasn't the concept of a child crying—you saw the action itself.

The same contrast appears with hearing, especially when comparing direct perception and reported information.

→ 火山が噴火したことを聞いた = What you heard was the news of the volcano erupting.
Here, you received information about the event.

→ 火山が噴火したのを聞いた = You were there when the volcano erupted. You directly heard it.
In this case, you experienced the sound itself.
————————

Finally, when talking about actions you can directly control, の is usually preferred.
→ 酒を飲むのをやめた = "I quit drinking"

Here, the action feels concrete and personally managed rather than abstract.
————————

Quick rule of thumb:

Directly experienced / immediate / personal → の
Abstract / conceptual / informational → こと

Source: part of this video: [www.youtube.com]

む↑れ↓る

Something abstract, not material, like actions and feelings.

abstract thing

verb cannot connect to particle directly, need to put koto to join them together

Generally, 事 (こと)is used to mean thing. When in doubt, if you use こと, you will rarely make a mistake.

事項（じこう) gives the image of each item (事柄). It is close in meaning to 'item.'



事柄（ことがら) is more abstract, relating to the appearance or content. It is close to 事象.



Note that 事項 and 事柄 are not commonly used in everyday conversation; they are used in business and official documents.

[hinative.com]

Both の and こと turn verbs into nouns, but they feel different:
————————

こと is more conceptual and abstract. It treats the action as a general idea and sounds more detached. It's often used for information, ideas, or facts.

の feels more direct and personal. It points to the actual action as it happens. It sounds more immediate, and it's commonly used for things you directly see, hear, feel, or control.
————————

→ 私は死ぬことが怖い = "I'm afraid of death"
Here, the action is treated as a general concept.

→ 私は死ぬのが怖い = "I'm afraid of dying"
This feels more immediate and personal, as if you're afraid of dying rather than death as an abstract idea.
————————

The difference becomes clearer with direct perception. When you directly witness something, you usually use の.

→ 私は子どもが泣いているのを見た = "I saw a child crying"
What you saw wasn't the concept of a child crying—you saw the action itself.

The same contrast appears with hearing, especially when comparing direct perception and reported information.

→ 火山が噴火したことを聞いた = What you heard was the news of the volcano erupting.
Here, you received information about the event.

→ 火山が噴火したのを聞いた = You were there when the volcano erupted. You directly heard it.
In this case, you experienced the sound itself.
————————

Finally, when talking about actions you can directly control, の is usually preferred.
→ 酒を飲むのをやめた = "I quit drinking"

Here, the action feels concrete and personally managed rather than abstract.
————————

Quick rule of thumb:

Directly experienced / immediate / personal → の
Abstract / conceptual / informational → こと

Source: part of this video: [www.youtube.com]

こと is used for actions, events, or abstract matters, while もの is for things, concepts, or objects that feel more static or concrete.

For example, 愛 (noun) is a concept, so 愛というもの means "this thing called love", while 愛する (verb) is an action, so 愛するということ means "this thing called loving".

Similarly, 生命, life as a concept, takes もの, but 生きる, the act of living, takes こと.
The distinction also appears in phrases like 大切なもの, "important things" (often emotionally valued), versus 大切なこと, "important matters" or "important actions".

An example with people or possessions: 彼のこと refers to abstract things about him or matters concerning him, while 彼のもの means "his thing" or something he owns.

Source: the first few minutes of this video [www.youtube.com]

I refuse 断る ことわる to admit we're different 異なる and that's it! This matter 事 こと is now な close.

"oh gee, i have to go to an urgent matter/thing/business about a KOTO instrument. let me grab my COAT of concepts" (idk, imagine raccoons/kids in a trench coat pretending to be a man)

ない is the present negative form of ある.

罪 is more broadly used in many cases, such as law, social, ethical, religious etc.

whereas 犯罪 is mainly used when referring to crimes/offenses in the context of the law (法律)

source: [detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp]

"So what if I committed a crime? SUE ME."

A: "Stop over there. That's a crime."
B: "You won't be able to (つ) catch me (み)!" **runs away**

To me (つみ) these kind of action considered as crime

犯罪 “Crime” is Legal category or concept. Legal / formal
犯罪を取り締まる — to control crime
犯行 “Criminal act” Specific action committed. Police / news
犯行現場に証拠が残った Evidence was left at the crime scene
罪 “Sin / guilt” Moral or emotional wrongdoing. Religion / feelings / general
彼は自分の罪を悔（く）い改めた
He repented of his sins

If you are writing or speaking objectively (like a police report or news article), use 犯行に及ぶ.
If you are talking about guilt, regret, or morality, use 罪を犯す.

血 (ち) general word for "blood", used in everyday speech, idioms, and casual contexts.

血液 (けつえき) literally "blood liquid", more formal or technical, used in medical, scientific, or official contexts.

I hurt myself while cutting cheese and now BLOOD is flowing.

There is father's (父・ちち) blood in me telling that I just can't leave these dirty plates (皿・さら)

The kanji looks like the bars on a cage or a CELL (bloodcell)

The spiritual energy Chi/Qi flows through the body in the same way blood (ち) does.

You wouldn't want 血 to be on your 皿 (plate)

Usually used to talk about fostering abstract concepts such as love or friendship.

From 羽含む or 羽包む.

Also written as: 哺む

Is similar to 今 (now, these days), but emphasizes the contrast between the current situation and the past.

Also written as: 妟らか

Person を Event に 誘う→To invite a person to an event

Eg: ジョンさんはマリさんを映画に誘いました。→John invited Mary to the movies.

Event に 遅れる→To be late for an event
Eg: 授業に遅れてはいけません
→You cannot be late for class.

You に (need) to be here AT 12!

Just for information, へ / に are used to MARK location. They are locations where the action is GOING. Whereas で is used where the action is HAPPENING/TAKING PLACE.

Today きょう I feel like a fool ふ because I got scared

Whenever I'm in Kyoto (きょう), my biggest FEAR is not trying all the delicious food (ふ) this city has to offer.

Today(kyou), I got (fu)od poisoning! I'll FEAR that restaurant for the rest of my life.

If there's one person you should definitely fear 恐怖, it's the Godfather 教父 (like the Al Pacino movie)... which is exactly why there’s a curfew きょうふ

in short: fear 恐怖 the Godfather 教父 during the curfew きょうふ

The normal word for a cave is 洞窟. A 洞穴 can also mean a cave but tends to refer more to a den, that is, an often shallower, hollowed out part of a rock or large tree where an animal lives.

To quote Cure Dolly: 'anything contained in the は particle only 'flags' what the sentence is talking about, and is never part of the grammatical structure as a whole.'

[youtu.be]

Pronounced as "wa" (not "ha") when used as the topic-marking particle.

Can be used like “Xは?: As for X?” Usually used when asking for opinion of someone or when a customer is asked what they would like. Very contextual can be used in many senses like “Where?” “What?” Or even complex sentences.

Other particles like も can be used similarly, but this particle directly uses the information from the conversation to ask about another thing/situation. Similar to “What about” in “Mom is at home.” “What about Dad?”.

1. "terrifying..." is the primary and most common meaning.
2. "astonishingly, extremely" is mostly used as an intensifier, often as 恐ろしく. Doesn't apply to 怖ろしい.
※ This comes from the idea of something being so extreme that it feels "scary". It's similar to how you say "terribly good" in English.

Imagine you accidentally bump into someone who's so big and muscular that they look terrifying.

You immediately say, "Oh, sorry!" in fear, hoping they won't get mad.

The phrase "Oh, sorry!" sounds like "osoroshii," helping you remember that 恐ろしい means "terrifying" or "frightening.

Oh the SORROw SHE felt when she realised she had a terrifying behavior in front of children.

We send おur そn to Master ろしい, so he can train him into a terrifying fighting machine who'll strike fear into his opponents at the tournament.

work (仕事/ しごと) kills me, it's like a death thing (死 事/しこと)

You can see it represented by 4 in certain internet contexts.

Aru (are you) dead?

In the beginning, there was nothing, no purpose. only to be, to live, to exist. That's why it starts with あ.

A ru or aren't you, to be or not to be, that is the question.

Wolves bark “aru”. Kids are mimicking that noise…so do they want to be a wolf? But remember it’s the opposite of that since this is used for inanimate objects!

aru or iru = AI (artificial|not alive or intelligence|alive) ***imperfect expected motion, sorry***; present negative form is ない (nai)

The pictures in this アルバム proofing that those moments 有る/ある even though they were バカ

The potential form of ある is あり得る (ありえる)